Influence of posture during gliding flight in the flying lizard Draco volans

Abstract

The agamid lizards of the genus<i>Draco</i>are undoubtedly the most renown reptilian gliders, using their rib-supported patagial wings as lifting surfaces while airborne. Recent investigations into these reptiles highlighted the role of body posture during gliding, however, the aerodynamics of postural changes in<i>Draco</i>remain unclear. Here, we examine the aerodynamics and gliding performances of<i>Draco volans</i>using a numerical approach focusing on three postural changes: wing expansion, body camber, and limb positioning. To this aim, we conducted 70 three-dimensional steady-state computational fluid dynamics simulations of gliding flight and 240 two-dimensional glide trajectory calculations. Our results demonstrate that while airborne,<i>D. volans</i>generates a separated turbulent boundary layer over its wings characterized by a large recirculation cell that is kept attached to the wing surface by interaction with wing-tip vortices, increasing lift generation. This lift generating mechanism may be controlled by changing wing expansion and shape to modulate the generation of aerodynamic force. Furthermore, our trajectory simulations highlight the influence of body camber and orientation on glide range. This sheds light on how<i>D. volans</i>controls its gliding performance, and conforms to the observation that these animals plan their glide paths prior to take off. Lastly,<i>D. volans</i>is mostly neutral in pitch and highly maneuverable, similar to other vertebrate gliders. The numerical study presented here thus provides a better understanding of the lift generating mechanism and the influence of postural changes in flight in this emblematic animal and will facilitate the study of gliding flight in analogous gliding reptiles for which direct observations are unavailable.