Influence of metabolic syndrome on infertility: A review

Abstract

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hypertension. It is diagnosed when at least three of these five criteria are present. Individuals with MetS are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Beyond these well-established complications, infertility has emerged as an underrecognized consequence of metabolic dysfunction. Infertility, defined as failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse, affects approximately 10-15% of couples worldwide, with nearly 20% of cases classified as idiopathic. Objective: This review aims to examine the impact of metabolic syndrome and its components on male and female infertility and to highlight the potential mechanisms linking metabolic disturbances with impaired reproductive function. Methods: A narrative review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the relationship between metabolic syndrome components - obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension - and reproductive health outcomes. Evidence from clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies evaluating reproductive dysfunction in both males and females was analyzed. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome exerts significant adverse effects on reproductive health in both women and men. In women, it is associated with reduced ovulation, impaired oocyte competence, diminished follicular reserve, anovulation, and increased risk of ovarian pathology. In men, MetS contributes to reduced sperm count, impaired sperm motility and viability, poor semen quality, erectile dysfunction, and prostate-related disorders. Early identification and proper management of metabolic syndrome may play a crucial role in reducing the burden. Addressing metabolic abnormalities through lifestyle modification and appropriate medical interventions could improve reproductive outcomes.