Indigenous Traditional Food Systems and the 1.5 °C Climate Target: Insights from Arctic and Southern Hemisphere Contexts

Abstract

This paper explores the intertwined relationship between food systems and climate change, emphasizing their role in achieving the global target of limiting warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Food systems contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions; approximately 30% of global CO2 emanates from agricultural practices, livestock production, and export-oriented supply chains. Conversely, climate change disrupts food production via rising temperatures, sea-level rise, and water scarcity, particularly in vulnerable regions such as Namibia and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. In contrast, the European Arctic faces unique opportunities and challenges. This paper highlights mitigation and adaptation strategies, including smart agriculture technologies and genetic crop engineering. Behavioural shifts toward plant-based diets and strengthening local food systems are identified as critical for reducing emissions and enhancing resilience. Furthermore, the value of Indigenous knowledge and traditional food systems, which promote biodiversity, minimize fossil fuel use, and offer climate-resilient crops, is highlighted. Institutional capacity and governance frameworks are pivotal for implementing these solutions. The authors advocate for co-production of knowledge between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, ensuring equitable adaptation rather than one-way technology transfer. Ultimately, integrated strategies combining technological innovation, policy reform, and cultural resilience are essential to break the cycle between food systems and climate change, fostering global cooperation toward the 1.5 °C goal.