In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Ulcerogenic Potential of Ethanol Extract of Carica papaya Leaves: Phytochemical and Molecular Docking Studies

Abstract

Pharmaceutical treatments for inflammation and ulcers often have side effects, prompting interest in plant-based alternatives. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic potential of ethanol extract of Carica papaya leaves using in vitro assays and molecular docking. The leaves were subjected to ethanol extraction, after which the resulting extract underwent GC-MS analysis and in vitro assays. The phytochemicals identified from the GC-MS profile were subsequently analyzed through molecular docking studies for further evaluation. The extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting protein denaturation (IC₅₀: 180.70±2.25 µg/ml), membrane stabilization (IC₅₀: 192.60±2.29 µg/ml), and proteinase activity (IC₅₀: 1289.00±3.11 µg/ml). Its anti-ulcerogenic potential was evident in its inhibitory effects on H⁺/K⁺-ATPase (IC₅₀: 196.10±2.29 µg/ml) and urease (IC₅₀: 700.90±2.85 µg/ml), suggesting a role in gastric protection. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified biologically active compounds, such as phenolic acids and long-chain fatty acid esters, known for their anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties. Molecular docking analyses additionally confirmed the therapeutic potential of 2,3-Benzofurandione 2-monooxime, 3-(4-Nitrophenyl) propiolic acid, and Phthalic acid, di-(1-hexen-5-yl) by demonstrating strong interactions with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase enzymes, with binding affinities comparable to standard drugs like celecoxib and omeprazole respectively. These results offer scientific validation supporting the traditional use of C. papaya leaves in managing inflammatory and ulcerative conditions. Further in vivo studies and clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy and safety for therapeutic applications.