article · Natural Resources Forum
An econometric analysis evaluates how natural resource exploitation, trade openness, and economic growth affected carbon dioxide emissions across oil-exporting nations between 1971 and 2014. Using panel autoregressive distributed lag modelling while accounting for cross-sectional dependence, the findings reveal that both natural resource extraction and trade openness harm environmental quality over the long term. The analysis confirms the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in these countries, showing an evolving relationship between economic development and pollution. In addition, two-way causal relationships link natural resources, economic growth, and carbon emissions, whereas trade openness demonstrates a one-way influence on emissions. Addressing these environmental pressures requires stronger regulatory frameworks for resource extraction, carbon taxation, the promotion of clean and renewable technologies, and enhanced international collaboration.
Understanding how resource reliance and global trade interact with economic expansion helps resource-rich countries balance growth with environmental protection. Confirming that resource extraction and trade drive emissions provides clear justification for governments to enact stricter resource management rules, implement carbon taxes, and accelerate transitions towards clean and renewable energy systems.
The abstract highlights policy recommendations rather than direct commercial products, pointing towards opportunities for clean and renewable energy technology providers within oil-exporting markets facing regulatory pressure. These insights are primarily useful for economic planners, environmental regulators, and renewable energy developers evaluating regional policy shifts, though the research itself remains an early-stage macroeconomic analysis rather than an applied commercial tool.
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Abstract This study explores the impact of natural resource exploitation, trade openness, and economic growth on carbon emissions in a sample of oil‐exporting nations for the period 1971–2014. To examine this relationship, we used the panel autoregressive distributed lag model and a set of econometric techniques accounting for cross‐sectional dependence. Our results indicate that the exploitation of natural resources and trade openness have a long‐term negative impact on environmental quality. Furthermore, our analysis confirms the validity of the Kuznets Environmental Curve for oil‐exporting countries. An assessment of causality reveals a bidirectional link between natural resources, economic growth, and CO 2 emissions, as well as a unidirectional link between trade openness and CO 2 emissions. In the light of our findings, appropriate policies could include the imposition of more stringent regulations on the exploitation of natural resources, the application of taxes on carbon emissions, and the promotion of clean and renewable technologies. Greater international cooperation is also needed to address these environmental issues on a global scale.
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DOI: 10.1111/1477-8947.12318
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