IMPACT OF GENDER ON THE OPERATIVE RESULTS AFTER ADULT CARDIAC SURGERY IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Abstract

Introduction :Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, with coronary artery disease (CAD) responsible for approximately 17.9 million deaths annually. Cardiac surgeries—such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve replacements, and heart transplants—have significantly improved patient outcomes. However, gender-based disparities in cardiovascular care are well documented. Women often experience delayed diagnosis, less aggressive treatment, and worse surgical outcomes, including higher mortality, more postoperative complications, and slower recovery. These disparities are driven by a complex interplay of factors, including atypical symptom presentation, anatomical and hormonal differences, comorbidities, socioeconomic barriers, and systemic healthcare biases. Historically, cardiovascular research has focused on male populations, contributing to under-recognition and undertreatment in women. This paper explores gender-related differences in cardiac surgery outcomes, with a focus on preoperative risk factors, intraoperative strategies, and postoperative recovery. Addressing these differences is essential to ensuring equitable care and improving surgical outcomes across all genders.