<i>Zingiber officinale</i> mitigates monosodium glutamate-induced hepatic pathology: insights into CD68-macrophge activation and inflammatory/apoptotic/oxidative mediators crosstalk in rats

Abstract

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive that enhances flavor. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Zingiber officinale (ginger) active compounds in counteracting MSG-induced effects and to examine the crosstalk between CD68-macrophage activation and ginger's anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Rats were divided into control, ginger-treated, MSG-treated, and MSG plus ginger-treated. Analyses were conducted to assess inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative markers, with a focus on liver pathology. Ginger intake partially reversed pathological changes and improved liver function, likely through modulation of CD68-macrophage activation and associated protective pathways. Chronic MSG consumption is hypothesized to induce oxidative stress, contributing to inflammation, toxicity, and tissue injury. Markers identified in this study can help diagnose MSG-related pathogenesis. Ginger showed protective effects by reducing free radicals and promoting tissue recovery. These findings support the use of ginger as a dietary supplement and pharmaceutical/therapeutic agent for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions.