<i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from vegetable farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and associated resistance genetic markers

Abstract

The use of animal manure to fertilize soil is an emerging concern contributing to the transfer of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens to vegetables. Hence, assessing antimicrobial susceptibility profile of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in vegetable farms is essential to design appropriate interventions against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food chain. This study assessed antimicrobial resistance profile and associated genetic markers among <i>E. coli</i> isolated from vegetable farms fertilized with animal manure in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 1044 samples were collected using convenience sampling: soil (<i>n</i> = 271), manure (<i>n</i> = 375), and vegetables (<i>n</i> = 398) from 81 vegetable farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted for 100 <i>E. coli</i> isolates and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 1044 collected samples, 25.3% were positive for <i>E. coli</i>, with significantly higher prevalence in the manure sample and samples collected from Akaki Kality sub-city (<i>p</i> < .05). The highest resistance rate was recorded for tetracycline (72%), followed by streptomycin (63%), and sulfamethoxazole +trimethoprim (56%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 61% of the <i>E. coli</i> isolates. The <i>aac(3)-IV</i> (76.9%), <i>bla</i> _<i>TEM</i> (65.4%), <i>aadA</i> (<i>60.3%</i>), <i>tet(A)</i> (58.3%), and <i>sulI</i> (51.7%) were the commonly detected resistance genes. The current study showed a high burden of antimicrobial resistance among <i>E. coli</i> isolated from manure-amended vegetable farms, with potential of playing a significant role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the food chain. Efforts should be made to reduce the burden of resistant organisms and ARGs through prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock and application of appropriate composting techniques before using manure as fertilizer.