Hypertension prevalence and associated factors among adults in Tanga region, 2023: A community-based cross-sectional survey

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease globally. Tanzania reported 25% prevalence in 2020, but recent surveys indicate 30%-35%. This study determined hypertension prevalence and associated factors in the Tanga region to inform NCD interventions. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey used WHO STEPS methodology across Tanga City, Muheza, and Mkinga districts (N=1818). Data on demographics, lifestyle, family history, and antihypertensive use were collected via standardized questionnaire. Prevalence was calculated descriptively; modified Poisson regression estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with robust standard errors. Significance was P<0.05 (95% CI). Results: Hypertension prevalence was 37.7% (95%CI: 35.5-40.0%). Among hypertensives, 65.6% (450/686) were not aware of their hypertension status. In multivariable modified Poisson regression, older age increased hypertension risk: 45-54 years (APR= 2.07, 95%CI: 1.48-2.89), 55-64 years (APR =2.18, 95%CI: 1.54-3.07), and ≥65 years (APR= 3.00, 95%CI: 2.13-4.23) versus <25 years. Male sex (APR= 1.20, 95%CI: 1.05-1.37), urban residence (Muheza: APR= 1.24, 95%CI: 1.01-1.52; Tanga CC: APR= 1.47, 95%CI: 1.24-1.75), overweight (APR =1.62, 95%CI: 1.18-2.21), obesity (APR =1.79, 95%CI: 1.32-2.43), and family history (APR =1.13, 95%CI: 1.01-1.27) were significant risk factors. Physical exercise was protective (APR =0.89, 95%CI: 0.79-0.99). Conclusion: Hypertension prevalence exceeds national estimates, with poor screening and treatment adherence. Urban residence, male sex, advanced age, and obesity increase risk; exercise protects. Ministry of Health and its stakeholders must prioritise community screening, especially in urban areas, reinforce antihypertensive adherence through education, and promote physical activity to curb the NCD burden.