Hydrothermally synthesized Nb -doped TiO₂ nanosheets for efficient removal of methylene blue dye on photocatalytic performance

Abstract

Abstract In this work, Niobium-doped (1%, 3%, and 5%) titanium dioxide (Nb-TiO 2 ) nanosheets were successfully formed via the hydrothermal route and further characterized using TEM, XRD, XPS and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. Phase purity and structural information of the prepared materials were analysed by XRD measurements. The band gap values ranged from 3.27 to 2.98 eV as Nb doping increased, leading to improved photocatalytic activity by creating new energy levels close to the conduction band. The XPS results confirm the amalgamation of Nb 5+ ions into TiO 2 without affecting the crystallinity, structure or orientation of the occurrence of oxygen vacancies. In 3% Nb-doped TiO 2 , the degradation efficiency for removing (Methylene blue) MB dye increased by ∼96% for the removal of MB dye within 70 min in comparison to pure and other doped TiO 2 catalysts The better photocatalytic activity of 3% Nb-TiO 2 is due to the longer time between electron–hole pairs before they recombine into one pair. Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) and superoxide radicals (O 2 •− ) are the primary reactive entities responsible for the deterioration of MB dye. Therefore, incorporating Nb into TiO 2 nanostructures represents an auspicious material for the decomposition of hazardous and toxic pollutants in aquatic environments.