article · Clean Energy
Hydrogen holds significant promise as a versatile, clean energy carrier capable of replacing fossil fuels across major sectors. Recent developments span multiple production routes, including water electrolysis, biomass gasification, and steam methane reforming, each presenting distinct economic and environmental profiles. Hydrogen generated from renewable inputs such as solar and wind power offers substantial potential to eliminate carbon emissions and support long-term sustainability goals. However, widespread deployment faces notable technological hurdles, substantial infrastructure requirements for production and storage, and high cost factors. Overcoming these barriers relies heavily on supportive government policy frameworks and cross-border collaboration. When deployed at scale, hydrogen can decarbonise heavy industry and transport systems while simultaneously strengthening electricity grid stability and overall energy security.
Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors like heavy industry and transport is critical to mitigating climate change. Clarifying the economic trade-offs, technological bottlenecks, and infrastructure requirements across various hydrogen production routes helps public authorities and industrial stakeholders target investments where clean energy carriers can most effectively reinforce energy security and electricity grid stability.
Target applications focus on replacing fossil fuels within heavy industry and transport operations, as well as supporting electricity grid stability. Prospective end users include industrial manufacturers, commercial fleet operators, and utility providers. As this work is a broad sectoral review assessing multiple established and emerging production methods rather than a single tested prototype, commercial deployment remains uneven, requiring expanded infrastructure and targeted policy support to become cost-competitive.
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Abstract This comprehensive review examines hydrogen’s potential as a pivotal clean energy carrier, focusing on its role in replacing fossil fuels across various industries. This study also examines recent advancements in hydrogen production technologies, including electrolysis, steam methane reforming, and biomass gasification, emphasizing their economic and environmental impacts. Special attention is given to hydrogen produced from renewable sources like solar and wind energy, emphasizing its benefits in reducing carbon emissions and contributing to a sustainable energy future. The review discusses technological challenges, cost factors, and the necessary infrastructure for hydrogen production and storage, particularly in relation to achieving global energy transition goals. Furthermore, the study stresses the importance of government policies and international collaboration to drive the adoption of hydrogen technologies. The study concludes by outlining the transformative potential of hydrogen in decarbonizing key sectors such as transportation and heavy industry. It demonstrates the significant contribution of hydrogen to a low-carbon global energy system and provides valuable insights into its role in improving grid stability, energy security, and supporting sustainable industrial practices.
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DOI: 10.1093/ce/zkae112
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