Hybrid zk-STARK and zk-SNARK Framework for Privacy-Preserving Smart Contract Data Feeds

Abstract

Decentralized applications (DApps) are increasingly using off-chain data, yet growing concerns about data privacy hinder their widespread adoption. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) have emerged as a solution to this problem. This paper proposes a novel hybrid framework that combines Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (zk-STARKs) and Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge (zk-SNARKs) to deliver an efficient, scalable, quantum-resistant, and privacy-preserving ZKP system. The framework employs zk-STARKs' ability to handle large computations with quantum resistance and zk-SNARKs' succinct proofs and fast verification. The hybrid framework utilizes advanced arithmetization techniques to balance scalability, privacy, and security, including Algebraic Intermediate Representation (AIR) for zk-STARKs and Rank-1 Constraint Systems (RlCS) or PLONKish constraints for zk-SNARKs. The framework uses the Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg (KZG) polynomial commitment scheme for reliability and transparency and eliminates trusted setup by using Discrete-logarithm-based Argument of Recursive Knowledge (DARK) commitments and Poseidon hashing. This paper details the construction of the hybrid proof system, analyzes its complexity, and explores its potential applications. The framework solves smart contract data feed limitations, security, efficiency, and scalability while prioritizing privacy.