Hybrid Façades: A Systematic Review of Integrating Vertical Greenery Systems with Advanced Façade Technologies

Abstract

Intending to improve building performance and environmental sustainability, vertical greenery systems (VGSs) are employed as effective nature-based solutions (NbSs), yet they often struggle to meet modern building energy demands alone. This study investigates the integration of VGSs with advanced façade technologies (AFTs) to develop multifunctional hybrid façades. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, combining bibliometric and thematic analyses of 415 publications (2015 to early 2026) from Scopus and Web of Science. The study categorizes AFT into adaptive, energy-generating, and high-performance façades. The results indicate that VGS–photovoltaic (PV) systems and double-skin (DS) systems are the most studied integration scenarios, providing significant thermal regulation and energy efficiency. However, significant gaps remain for kinetic, modular, bioactive, and glazing systems, particularly regarding standardized workflows and long-term lifecycle assessments (LCAs). The study reveals a transition of VGSs from passive aesthetic elements to active building components. To address these identified gaps, a four-phase design strategy—conceptualization, hybridization, optimization, and development—is proposed to guide architects and engineers in decision-making regarding generating optimized hybrid façades. Integrating VGSs with AFTs is essential for urban resilience and an alignment with Sustainable Development Goals. Future research should prioritize standardized integration protocols and the application of smart technologies like artificial intelligence (AI).