Hybrid Architectures for Topological Quantum Computation: Platform Integration, Device Engineering, and Scalability

Abstract

Hybrid systems have emerged as one of the most promising pathways toward realizing fault-tolerant topological quantum computation. Although topological phases such as fractional quantum hall states and chiral superconductors host non-Abelian anyons capable of supporting protected quantum information, yet, no single physical platform currently satisfies all the requirements for scalable, controllable, and universal quantum computation. Hybrid systems, which are formed by integrating complementary physical ingredients such as superconductivity, strong spin–orbit coupling, magnetic textures, correlated electron states, and engineered lattice geometries, offer an avenue to overcome these limitations. This review provides hybrid engineering strategies that examine topological quantum computation, beginning with foundational principles of topological phases, anyon models, and braiding-based quantum information processing. We then survey major hybrid platforms, including semiconductor–superconductor nanowires, quantum Hall–superconductor interfaces, magnetic–superconductor systems, and Floquet-engineered topological structures. Across these platforms, we analyze mechanisms for realizing non-Abelian quasiparticles, the current state of experimental progress, and the challenges associated with disorder, quasiparticle poisoning, gap protection, and device scalability, while also evaluating a roadmap/framework for comparing the platforms with regard to device and scalability criteria. We also discuss theoretical proposals for achieving universality beyond Majorana zero modes, including parafermions and Fibonacci anyons in hybrid architectures. By mapping the landscape of materials, designs, and physical mechanisms that enable topological quantum computation, this review highlights the key scientific breakthroughs achieved so far and the critical directions required to transform hybrid systems into a practical quantum technology.