Human Metapneumovirus: A Review of Its Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Public Health Implications and Treatment Options

Abstract

hMPV is a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs), affecting children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals globally. Symptoms include rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, cough, fever, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Laboratory findings include leucocytosis, leucopenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and elevated inflammatory markers. In adults, they often mimic influenza and potentially exacerbate chronic conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Hospitalisation is often required for infants with significant respiratory distress. The genetic variability and antigenic diversity of the virus complicate vaccine design. Hence, advanced research tailored towards producing effective vaccines treatments for the hMPV viral disease is relevant to contain the complications associated with the virus.