Hesperetin protects against rotenone-induced motor disability and neurotoxicity via the regulation of SIRT1/NLRP3 signaling

Abstract

Rotenone is a pesticide that causes complex I inhibition and is widely known to induce motor disability and experimental Parkinson's disease (PD) in rodents. Evidence suggests a crucial role for sirtuin/nuclear factor-kappaB/nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (SIRT1/NFκB/NLRP3) signaling and inflammation in PD and rotenone neurotoxicity. Hesperetin (C16H14O6) is a citrus flavonoid with documented anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated the value of hesperetin in delaying rotenone-induced PD in mice and the possible modulation of inflammatory burden. PD was induced in mice <i>via</i> rotenone injections. Groups were assigned as a vehicle, PD, or PD + hesperetin (50 or 100 mg/kg) and compared for the motor function, protein level (by ELISA), and gene expression (by real-time PCR) of the target proteins, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme. Hesperetin (50 or 100 mg/kg) alleviated the motor disability and the striatal dopamine level and decreased the expression of <i>NLRP3</i> and <i>NF-κB</i> but increased <i>SIRT1</i> expression (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Further, it enhanced the neural viability and significantly decreased neural degeneration in the substantia nigra, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Taken together, we propose that hesperetin mediates its neuroprotective function <i>via</i> alleviating modulation of the SIRT1/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway. Therefore, hesperetin might delay the PD progression.