Hepatoprotective and PXR-modulating effects of Erodium guttatum extract in propiconazole-induced toxicity

Abstract

Abstract Pesticide-induced liver toxicity remains a significant health concern, particularly with the widespread use of triazole fungicides such as propiconazole (PCZ), which is known to disrupt hepatic function through oxidative stress and nuclear receptor activation. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective potential of the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of Erodium guttatum , a medicinal plant rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of potent antioxidant molecules, and antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity. In vivo , PCZ administration significantly elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), bilirubin, lipids, and glucose levels, and increased liver weight, indicating hepatic damage. However, co-administration of the HAE markedly improved these parameters, suggesting a protective role. Histological analysis supported these findings, showing preserved liver architecture in the treated group. Molecular docking studies further revealed that key plant constituents – particularly isoquercitrin and quercetin-3-xyloside exhibited stronger binding affinity to the PXR receptor than PCZ, potentially blocking its harmful activation. ADME profiling indicated favorable pharmacokinetics for several plant compounds. Overall, this study highlights the promising hepatoprotective effect of E. guttatum extract against PCZ-induced toxicity and supports its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for liver protection.