Health Risks of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (LF-EMF) and Radio Waves: An Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

<title>Abstract</title> Background The pervasive presence of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (LF-EMF) and radio waves in modern environments has raised concerns regarding potential health risks. This umbrella review systematically evaluates and synthesizes findings from meta-analyses and systematic reviews on the health risks associated with LF-EMF and radio waves exposure. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Included studies focused on health outcomes such as cancer incidence, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and reproductive health issues. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using standardized tools, and meta-analyses were conducted where data allowed. Results Twenty systematic reviews and meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria. Mixed findings were observed across various health outcomes. Cancer risk was slightly increased but not significantly associated with LF-EMF exposure. Significant associations were found between LF-EMF exposure and neurological disorders, particularly cognitive decline. Cardiovascular disease risk showed non-significant associations, while reproductive health outcomes demonstrated significant adverse effects, particularly on sperm quality and birth outcomes. Conclusion The evidence suggests potential health risks associated with LF-EMF and radio waves, particularly in neurological and reproductive health domains. Further research with standardized methodologies is needed to clarify these associations.