Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Yam Samples in Ibaji Local Government of Kogi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Organochorine pesticide residues remain a global public health concern due to their presence, bioaccumulation, and long-term toxicity in food chain. This study evaluates the human health risks associated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues detected in yam (Dioscorea spp.) samples collected from selected agricultural sites over two consecutive years. Residue extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, and quantification was achieved through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The targeted OCPs included alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, endosulfan sulfate, and gamma-chlordane. Concentrations were assessed against international regulatory standards and acceptable daily daily intake (ADI) thresholds. Results revealed vary levels of contamination, with some residues, particularly Aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, exceeding permissible risk level. Estimated cancer risk (CR) values for both adults and children indicated significant potential for chronic health impacts, especially due to Aldrin (CR-Children: 3.64 × 10⁻³ – 5.12 × 10⁻⁴; CR-adult: 1.01 × 10⁻³ – 1.43 × 10⁻⁴) and heptachlor epoxide (CR-Children: 9.95 × 10⁻⁴ – 3.66 × 10⁻⁴; CR-adult: 2.77 × 10⁻⁴ – 1.02 × 10⁻⁴). Even at lower concentrations, residues such as p,p'-DDT and gamma-BHC contributed to the cumulative risks burden. The findings highlight the urgent need for continuous environmental monitoring of pesticides residues in food crops. Strengthening regulatory enforcement and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are critical steps toward minimizing long-term dietary exposure and safeguarding public health.