Health Consequences and Intimate Partner Relationships of Genital Mutilated Women: A Multi-Method Comparative Study in South-East Nigeria

Abstract

<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background</bold> Female genital mutilation (FGM) remains a deeply rooted cultural practice with severe physical and psychological consequences. Despite global eradication efforts, it persists in parts of Nigeria where sociocultural norms override legal and health frameworks. This study explores the lived experiences of women in Eastern Nigeria who have undergone FGM, emphasizing their physical and psychological health outcomes. <bold>Method</bold> A multi-methods design was adopted, involving 300 women aged 18–65 years across six local government areas in Imo and Ebonyi States. Quantitative data were collected using validated instruments, including the PHQ-9, GAD-7, EIS, and PCL-5, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Qualitative insights were derived from seven key informant interviews and two focus group discussions, analyzed through inductive thematic coding using NVivo 12. <bold>Results</bold> Women who had undergone FGM reported significantly higher rates of immediate complications such as bleeding, pain, and infection, and long-term sequelae including dyspareunia, menstrual pain, and reduced sexual satisfaction (p &lt; 0.001). Psychological outcomes revealed elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms, with mean PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores of 17.2 ± 5.1 and 14.9 ± 4.8, respectively, compared to 11.3 ± 4.6 and 9.8 ± 4.2 among women without FGM. Qualitative themes underscored trauma, shame, emotional withdrawal, and relational disconnection, illustrating the interdependence of physical and psychological suffering. FGM continues to impose multidimensional harm on women’s health in Eastern Nigeria. <bold>Conclusions</bold> Findings highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions that integrate clinical care, psychosocial support, and community re-education to mitigate both physical and emotional aftermaths. A holistic response combining medical rehabilitation and culturally sensitive counseling is imperative for survivor-centered healing and sustainable eradication efforts.