article · Frontiers in Nanotechnology
A numerical investigation examined the unsteady electroosmotic pulsatile flow of a hybrid nanofluid through a curved, stenosed artery containing an embedded catheter. The fluid was modelled as blood carrying a combination of silver and aluminium oxide nanoparticles, represented using the Carreau non-Newtonian framework. Finite-difference numerical simulations solved the equations governing fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles under the influence of an applied electric field. The hybrid nanofluid demonstrated superior thermal and flow characteristics compared to standard fluids. Vessel curvature, pulsatile cycles, and electroosmotic forces significantly influenced the movement, heat transfer, and mass transport of the fluid. Increasing the electroosmotic and Weissenberg parameters accelerated the fluid velocity by lowering viscous drag, which also improved mass transport through the constricted vessel.
Understanding blood dynamics in narrowed vessels during medical procedures is vital for developing better cardiovascular interventions. By demonstrating how external electric fields and engineered nanoparticles can lower flow resistance around inserted catheters, this computational work offers valuable fundamental insights into how targeted physical mechanisms might assist blood flow and therapeutic delivery in compromised circulatory systems.
This work represents early-stage computational modelling, far from immediate clinical or commercial deployment. The findings could potentially assist medical device developers and biomedical researchers exploring smart catheters, targeted drug delivery, or electrokinetic assistance in cardiovascular treatments. Moving towards practical use would require experimental validation in physical flow loops, biocompatibility testing of the nanoparticles, and subsequent preclinical trials.
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In this study, we investigated the dynamics of unsteady electroosmotic pulsatile flow involving a hybrid nanofluid within a curved artery, influenced by both stenosis and an embedded catheter. The hybrid nanofluid, a mixture of silver <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m1"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> and aluminum oxide <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m2"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> nanoparticles dispersed in blood, was modeled via the Carreau non-Newtonian framework to more accurately represent the intricate nature of blood flow. The electroosmotic forces introduced simulated the effect of an external electric field, while the catheter served as an additional structural constraint within the artery. To account for both the curvature of the vessel and the overlapping stenosis, we derived the governing equations for this model. Using numerical methods, particularly the finite-difference approach, we solved the nonlinear partial differential equations that govern the flow, temperature, and concentration distributions. Our findings suggest that the hybrid nanofluid demonstrates enhanced thermal and flow properties compared to standard fluids. The results showed significant influences from electroosmotic forces, curvature, and pulsatility on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. Furthermore, an increase in the electroosmotic and Weissenberg parameters substantially accelerated fluid velocity by reducing viscous drag while improving mass transport. These results offer valuable insights into the behavior of blood flow in catheterized arteries and may inform future advancements in cardiovascular treatment technologies.
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DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2024.1520183
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