Green voltammetric method for determination of diclofenac sodium in environmental and biological samples using aluminium tungstate nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

Abstract

Based upon aluminium tungstate (Al₂(WO₄)₃ NPs), a new modified sensor was created in order to monitor diclofenac sodium (DCF) electrochemically in environmental samples. The electrode composition, electrolyte effect, selectivity, scan rate, and pH parameters that affect the assay’s performance were optimised and the pH study revealed that pH 3.6 was found to be suitable to improve the electrochemical behaviour of diclofenac. The electrochemical characteristics of the built-in electrode were assessed using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV).The electrode composition, electrolyte effect, selectivity, scan rate, and pH parameters were optimised. The limit of detection was found to be 0.076 µM and the limit of quantification (LOQ) value was 0.25 µM for the concentration range (0.2–25 µM) of DCF. It has demonstrated good selectivity for (DCF) in presence of the interfering species and its electrochemical sensing’s repeatability, reproducibility and stability were evaluated and found typical. Some environmental samples like tap water, waste water, Nile-river water and biological ones like urine and plasma, have been effectively applied using the proposed electrochemical sensor. Green chemistry metrics, <i>viz</i>. Analytical GREEnness Preparation (AGREEprep), Analytical Eco-Scale Assessments (ESA) and The AMVI for the proposed method were calculated and have assured that the method has limited negative impact on both human health and the environment.