article · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances
Conventional physical and chemical manufacturing routes for metal oxide nanoparticles carry notable environmental risks, prompting significant interest in biological production alternatives. Green synthesis strategies use plant extracts and microorganisms as natural precursors to reduce and stabilise metal ions. Nanoparticles produced through these biological methods demonstrate heightened mechanical, optical, electronic, and physicochemical attributes compared to their traditional counterparts. Consequently, they hold utility across a wide range of operational domains, including environmental remediation, water treatment, sensing, energy systems, personal care products, and medicine. An assessment of this field outlines the primary biological synthesis mechanisms, the critical processing factors influencing production, the diverse practical applications, and the relevant toxicity profiles of the resulting materials.
Traditional nanoparticle production often depends on hazardous chemicals and energy-intensive physical processes. Transitioning to green synthesis using plants and microbes reduces environmental and natural risks while producing functional nanomaterials. Understanding the synthesis factors and safety profiles helps researchers develop safer, sustainable alternatives for critical needs such as clean water, renewable energy, and modern healthcare.
The abstract highlights potential applications in water treatment, environmental cleanup, personal care, medical devices, sensing, and energy technologies. Potential users span industrial water managers, cosmetic formulators, and sensor manufacturers seeking environmentally benign materials. Because the text reflects a broad review examining synthesis factors and toxicity rather than reporting validated or deployed products, the technology appears to sit at an early-stage research level.
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Bio-synthesized metal oxide (MeO) nanoparticles (NPs) have triggered a huge global research interest owing to their advancement and various environmental remediation, personal care products, medical, energy, sensing, and water treatment applications. They demonstrate developing assets in various industries, remarkably with their heightened physicochemical, optical, mechanical, and electronic attributes. The physical and chemical routes have been a sticking point in the production of MeO NPs, owing to the natural and environmental risks linked with utilizing these approaches. The growth of MeO NPs production via the biologic method employing plants and microorganisms as a precursor material for metal-ions (MIs) reduction and stabilization has been the focus of research scientists in recent years. Hence, in this review, a comprehensive brief of the bio-synthesis approaches using plant extracts (PEs) and microorganism components for MeO NPs production as well as the various factors affecting the bio-production of MeO NPs, their various applications and their toxicity were considered.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100401
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