article · Molecules
Aqueous leaf extracts of Eupatorium odoratum can successfully produce silver and silver oxide nanoparticles by acting as both reducing and stabilising agents. The resulting nanoparticles were evaluated for their ability to kill mosquito larvae and inhibit clinical microbial strains. In laboratory tests against third and fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, the biosynthesised nanoparticles showed substantially higher toxicity than the crude leaf extract, achieving lower lethal concentration values across twelve- and twenty-four-hour exposures. Additionally, the nanoparticles demonstrated superior antimicrobial performance compared to the raw plant extract when assessed against various clinical isolates and standard drugs. Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, showed greater susceptibility to the nanoparticles than the tested Gram-positive bacteria and fungal strains.
Mosquito-borne diseases and bacterial infections represent major global health challenges. Using common plant extracts to produce silver nanoparticles provides a biological route to generate dual-action agents capable of targeting disease-carrying mosquito vectors while suppressing infectious pathogens. Demonstrating that these green nanoparticles outperform raw botanical extracts provides support for identifying alternative, naturally derived pest and infection control methods.
These findings could enable the development of plant-derived larvicides and antimicrobial treatments for use by vector control programmes and healthcare sanitation providers. The technology sits at an early stage of laboratory research, having been tested only in vitro and on mosquito larvae in controlled settings, with no indication of field trials, mammalian toxicity testing, or scaled manufacturing processes.
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The health challenges associated with pathogens and ectoparasites highlight the need for effective control approaches. Metal nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective tools towards combatting different microbial organisms and parasites. The present work reports the antimicrobial and larvicidal potential of biosynthesized Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Eupatorium odoratum (EO). The constituents of the leaf extract act as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The UV-VIS spectra of the nanoparticles showed surface plasmon resonance. The particle size and shape of the nanoparticles was analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The larvicidal study was carried out using third and fourth instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The mosquito larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extract (EO) and the synthesized nanoparticles, and their percentage of mortality was accounted for at different time intervals of 12 h and 24 h periods of exposure. The nanoparticles were more lethal against third and fourth instars of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae at the 24 h period of exposure with lower lethal concentration values (LC50 = 95.9 ppm; LC90 = 337.5 ppm) and (LC50 = 166.4 ppm; LC90 = 438.7 ppm) compared to the plant extract (LC50 = 396.8 ppm; LC90 = 716.8 ppm and LC50 = 448.3 ppm; LC90 = 803.9 ppm, respectively). The antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles were established against different clinically-isolated microbial strains and compared to that of the plant extract (EO) and standard antimicrobial drugs. The nanoparticles were generally more active than the plant extract against the selected microbial organisms. The Gram-negative bacterial strains Escheerichua coli and Salmonella typhi were more susceptible towards the nanoparticles compared to the Gram-positive strains and the fungal organism.
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DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050674
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