Green solutions for enhancing flame retardant, shrink-proof and UV-protection finishing of protein fibers: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Protein fibers, such as wool and silk, play a vital role in the textile industry due to their softness, resilience, comfort, and biodegradability. However, their flammability, shrinkage, and limited UV-resistance prevent their wider use in clothing, technical textiles, and safety-conscious settings. Conventional chemical finishings can address these issues, but often compromise environmental and human safety. Recent advances have investigated eco-friendly alternatives such as biomass-derived compounds, nanoparticles, and multifunctional finishing strategies capable of imparting functional properties. Attaining multifunctionality while maintaining the intrinsic properties of protein fibers is still a significant problem, despite hopeful advancements. Most existing literature has addressed these functional properties individually, and there remains a lack of comprehensive analysis on their integration within protein-based textiles. In order to fill this gap, this article carefully examines recent advancements in eco-friendly finishing methods for protein textiles. Environmentally friendly methods, synergistic formulations, and nanomaterial-based innovations that enhance sustainability and safety are highlighted. It also draws attention to the research opportunities that lie ahead and the challenges of finding a balance between performance, durability, and environmental responsibility. Further, this review aims to compile available knowledge in order to inform the development of high-performance, versatile protein textiles that meet consumer desires, comply with legal requirements, and address the global demand for safer and more environmentally friendly textile solutions.