article · PeerJ
Nanobiocatalysts combine enzymes with nanomaterials to enhance catalytic efficiency, operational durability, and reusability. Sustainable approaches utilise nanomaterials produced via eco-friendly synthesis methods involving plants, bacteria, and fungi, which significantly lower environmental impacts. Various immobilisation techniques can link these biological catalysts to nanocarriers, including adsorption, ionic bonding, covalent attachment, entrapment, and cross-linking, each offering distinct advantages and drawbacks. When deployed in practice, green nanobiocatalysts offer improved processing performance across multiple sectors, notably biofuel production, the food industry, and bioremediation programmes. In addition to broad industrial processing roles, these catalytic platforms hold valuable potential for biomedical applications. Overall, green nanobiocatalysts represent an effective step forward in biocatalysis by providing environmentally friendly, robust tools that advance sustainable processing across both industrial biotechnology and healthcare settings.
Industrial enzymes often degrade rapidly and prove costly to replace. Integrating them with sustainably produced nanomaterials allows enzymes to be reused repeatedly and operate under tougher conditions. By using biological sources like plants or microbes to manufacture the carrier materials, these systems offer cleaner, low-impact alternatives for manufacturing fuels, cleaning pollutants, processing food, and developing new biomedical interventions.
The abstract describes applications across food processing, biofuel generation, bioremediation, and biomedicine. Target users include industrial bioprocess operators, environmental remediation specialists, and biomedical developers seeking recyclable, durable biocatalytic systems. Because this work is an overview synthesising diverse synthesis and immobilisation methods rather than reporting a singular validated prototype, the underlying technologies range from early-stage research to applied settings across the identified sectors.
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Nanobiocatalysts (NBCs), which merge enzymes with nanomaterials, provide a potent method for improving enzyme durability, efficiency, and recyclability. This review highlights the use of eco-friendly synthesis methods to create sustainable nanomaterials for enzyme transport. We investigate different methods of immobilization, such as adsorption, ionic and covalent bonding, entrapment, and cross-linking, examining their pros and cons. The decreased environmental impact of green-synthesized nanomaterials from plants, bacteria, and fungi is emphasized. The review exhibits the various uses of NBCs in food industry, biofuel production, and bioremediation, showing how they can enhance effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Furthermore, we explore the potential impact of NBCs in biomedicine. In general, green nanobiocatalysts are a notable progression in enzyme technology, leading to environmentally-friendly and effective biocatalytic methods that have important impacts on industrial and biomedical fields.
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DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17589
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