article · Veterinary Research Communications
Exposure to water-borne herbicides such as commercial glyphosate impairs fish health and lowers aquaculture productivity. This research assessed the toxic effects of glyphosate on Nile tilapia and evaluated the protective capacity of dietary ginger and ginger nanoparticles. Fish were monitored over four weeks across control and exposed groups receiving standard feed, dietary ginger, or ginger nanoparticles. Exposure to glyphosate caused liver and kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immunosuppression, indicated by elevated liver enzymes, cortisol, glucose, and tissue malondialdehyde levels. Dietary ginger mitigated these effects, but ginger nanoparticles demonstrated superior efficacy. Diets containing ginger nanoparticles restored liver enzymes, kidney function markers, glucose, and cortisol to levels comparable to unexposed controls, whilst also delivering the highest glutathione, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin levels across all groups.
Herbicide runoff into aquatic environments threatens fish welfare and commercial aquaculture productivity. Demonstrating that dietary ginger, particularly in nanoparticle form, counteracts the toxic impacts of glyphosate provides a practical, nature-derived approach to safeguarding fish health. This supports cleaner, more resilient fish farming practices where water bodies are vulnerable to agricultural contamination.
This work could inform the development of protective functional aquafeed additives for tilapia farmers operating near agricultural runoff zones. Primary users would be feed manufacturers and commercial aquaculture operations. Based on four-week laboratory feeding trials, the approach represents applied and tested research that requires field-scale trials, cost-benefit analyses, and regulatory review before reaching commercial markets.
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The water-borne herbicides are involved in the toxicity of aquatic animals resulting in impaired health status and low productivity. Dietary medicinal herbs present a practical solution to relieve the impacts of herbicides toxicity on the performances of aquatic animals. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of commercial glyphosate-induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, liver and kidney dysfunction, and the protective role of ginger or ginger nanoparticles in Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated into four groups: the first group presented the control without glyphosate toxicity and ginger feeding, the second group intoxicated with glyphosate at 0.6 mg/L and fed ginger free diet, the third group intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger at 2.5 g/kg, and the fourth group intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles at 2.5 g/kg. Fish were kept under the experimental conditions for four weeks, and the samples of blood and tissues were collected after 2 and 4 weeks. Markedly, fish exposed to glyphosate showed the highest ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and malondialdehyde levels (MDA) in gills and tissues. While fish in the control and fish intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles had the lowest ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and MDA levels after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Fish fed dietary ginger had lower ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and MDA levels than the glyphosate intoxicated group after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Interestingly, fish-fed ginger nanoparticles showed lower urea and creatinine levels and higher total protein, albumin, and globulin than the glyphosate intoxicated group (P < 0.05) and similar to the control (P > 0.05). Further, fish intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles had the highest GSH, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin levels after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ginger nanoparticles are superior to the standard ginger form in enhancing the antioxidative and immune responses of Nile tilapia exposed to glyphosate.
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DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09961-0
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