Global burden, epidemiology, and public health management of diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases globally and is characterized by persistent elevation of blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition is associated with severe complications, including cardiovascular disorders, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, all of which contribute substantially to disability and premature mortality. Current global estimates indicate that diabetes affects hundreds of millions of individuals, with prevalence expected to rise steadily in the coming decades. This review evaluates the worldwide epidemiology, economic implications, and management approaches for diabetes mellitus, while emphasizing the contributions of nursing and public health practice. A narrative review methodology was adopted using evidence from peer-reviewed studies, international reports, and public health literature addressing prevalence patterns, risk determinants, complications, and intervention strategies. The reviewed evidence demonstrates that diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where urbanization, unhealthy diets, obesity, and physical inactivity are becoming more common. Beyond its clinical consequences, diabetes creates enormous financial pressure on individuals, families, and healthcare systems through treatment costs, reduced productivity, and premature deaths. Studies also show that lifestyle modification, pharmacological management, and digital health innovations such as telemedicine and mobile health technologies can improve glycemic control and patient self-management. Overall, diabetes represents a major global health concern that requires collaborative and multisectoral responses. Strengthening nursing-led interventions, community-based prevention strategies, patient education, and digital health integration will be critical for reducing disease burden, improving quality of life, and promoting equitable healthcare access.