article · Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Antimicrobial resistance poses a severe threat to global health, driving up illness and death rates. A review of literature from 1995 to 2025 examines global antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and control, and surveillance programmes across human, animal, plant, and environmental health sectors. The findings show that stewardship initiatives have successfully taken root in hospitals, community pharmacies, academic bodies, and select animal health settings. These interventions foster rational antimicrobial use, curb resistant bacterial strains, improve guideline adherence, and enhance patient recovery. Technological developments, specifically artificial intelligence, machine learning, and nanotechnology, offer promising mechanisms to bolster these programmes. However, empirical data remains notably sparse concerning stewardship activities in environmental and animal health systems, revealing a significant deficiency in comprehensive One Health approaches.
Overusing antimicrobials causes bacteria to adapt, rendering common treatments ineffective. By identifying where control programmes succeed and where major blind spots remain, health leaders can direct resources more effectively. Integrating newer tools like machine learning and nanotechnology alongside traditional infection prevention could help protect vital medicines across both clinical care and broader ecosystems.
The findings highlight prospective application areas for technology developers and healthcare providers utilising artificial intelligence, machine learning, and nanotechnology to improve resistance tracking and treatment delivery. Because this work is a broad narrative review synthesizing existing literature rather than presenting a tested product, these technologies range from early-stage research to emerging practical tools that require targeted development to integrate into unified One Health systems.
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Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a critical global health issue contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), surveillance, and infection prevention and control (IPC) programs have been established and implemented to mitigate this crisis. Alongside this, advancements in nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning have enhanced academic tone and readability in combating AMR. This study employed a comprehensive narrative review approach to provide detailed evidence of AMS programs initiated to address AMR across One-Health sectors (human, animal, plant, and environmental health). Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to assess the global implementation of AMS, surveillance, and IPC programs, nanotechnology, and AI aimed at curtailing the rising prevalence of AMR. We also focused on the impacts of these AMS programs across diverse populations and settings. Relevant literature published between January 1995 and June 2025 was extracted from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Results: The findings of this review demonstrate that AMS, surveillance, and IPC programs have been successfully established and implemented in some hospitals, community pharmacies, academic institutions, communities, and animal health. These programs have significantly promoted the rational use of antimicrobials in the One Health sector, prevented infections, reduced the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, improved adherence to treatment guidelines, awareness and knowledge of AMR, and patient outcomes. Advancements in technology, including nanotechnology and AI/machine learning, have shown promise in enhancing AMS and surveillance programs aimed at combating AMR. However, there is a dearth of empirical data on AMS activities within the environmental and animal health sectors, pointing out a critical gap in the One Health approach to AMR mitigation. Conclusions: This review underscores the importance of developing and implementing AMS, surveillance, and IPC programs as effective strategies to combat AMR using a One Health approach. Consequently, the study found very little information regarding AMS activities in the animal and environmental health sectors despite global problems as climate change. Notably, this study emphasizes the importance of embracing nanotechnology and AI within the healthcare system as innovative tools to combat AMR. It further highlights the need to promote integrated AMS, IPC, and surveillance programs across the One Health continuum, leveraging all available strategies to effectively combat AMR.
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DOI: 10.4236/pp.2025.167014
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