GIS-based hydrochemical assessment of groundwater in the Bakoya Massif, Northern Morocco

Abstract

This research investigates the long-term and short-term toxicity of groundwater consumed by the population in a specific region, addressing the growing concern over groundwater pollution—particularly with heavy metals—as a significant environmental issue. The study conducts a comprehensive physicochemical analysis of water quality in the Bakoya massif, Al Hoceima, by examining thirty groundwater samples. Parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (ranging from 559 to 3564 mg/l), and Electrical Conductivity (ranging from 747 to 4650 µS/cm) were measured. The fluoride concentration varied from 0.01 mg/l to 2.6 mg/l, surpassing the maximum allowable level of 1.5 mg/l for drinking water in Morocco in several samples. This study leverages GIS statistical analysis for hydrochemical distribution, providing insights into the mineralization processes affecting water quality. The findings highlight both natural and anthropogenic factors influencing the fluoride concentration, which remains within safe limits in most locations except for five wells. Additionally, arsenic and silicate concentrations were assessed, with arsenic exceeding the safe limit of 0.5 mg/l in two instances. This study underscores the critical need for ongoing monitoring and management of groundwater quality to safeguard public health and the environment.