Geodesic structure and gravitational lensing of a non-GR (2+1)-dimensional black hole: Comparison with the BTZ solution

Abstract

We study a [Formula: see text]-dimensional black hole solution distinct from the Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli (BTZ) black hole of general relativity. Geodesic equations for massive and massless particles are derived, and the corresponding effective potential is analyzed. The deflection angle of light is computed in both weak and strong field limits. Results are compared with the BTZ of Einstein general relativity, revealing notable differences in orbital structure, photon sphere radius, and lensing behavior, which may serve as potential observational signatures of non-GR black holes in lower-dimensional spacetimes.