Genome editing in Africa: A review of technological advances, applications, and the path forward

Abstract

Genome editing, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, represents an essential toolset for modern biotechnology with broad applications in health and agriculture. This review assesses the current landscape of genome editing in Africa, charting the evolution from expensive, protein-guided systems like ZFNs and TALENs to the accessible RNA-guided CRISPR platform that has democratized the technology across the continent. We examine its growing application in developing solutions for Africa-specific challenges, including climate-resilient crops, pest- and disease-resistant staples such as Striga-resistant sorghum and virus-resistant cassava, and disease-tolerant livestock. In human health, we highlight the development of low cost diagnostics for infectious diseases and the significant therapeutic potential for genetic disorders like sickle cell disease, which disproportionately affects African populations. Concurrently, we analyze the multifaceted challenges that impede wider adoption and equitable access. These barriers include fragmented regulatory frameworks that create regional inconsistencies, systemic infrastructural deficits driven by limited domestic funding, and critical shortages in trained human capital. We also explore the complex social and ethical considerations, from the global debate on human germline editing to the pressing need to ensure affordable access to transformative therapies. By providing a comprehensive analysis of both the progress and the pitfalls, this paper offers a forward looking perspective and strategic recommendations designed to unlock the potential of genome editing for sustainable development in Africa.