Genetically Engineered Microbes in Environmental Biotechnology

Abstract

The continued presence of hazardous contaminants remains a major global environmental challenge. Conventional remediation methods are often costly and may generate secondary environmental risks. In contrast, bioremediation provides a sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for pollutant removal. Recent advances in genetic engineering have enabled the development of genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) with enhanced capabilities for degrading environmental toxins. These engineered strains have shown significant potential in hydrocarbon degradation, heavy metal detoxification, and the breakdown of other xenobiotics. Coupled with modern genome-editing technologies, GEMs are increasingly used in environmental remediation, enabling innovative strategies for pollutant removal. Given the scale of global environmental problems, integrated technological approaches are essential. This review highlights recent advances, applications, and key challenges associated with the use of GEMs in environmental biotechnology.