Gender Differences in Preoperative Anxiety and the Association with Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Cross-Sectional Correlational Study

Abstract

: This study did not support the hypothesis that EMSs independently predict preoperative anxiety, representing a null result with respect to EMS prediction. The primary finding was a significant gender difference, with females reporting higher preoperative anxiety. Clinicians should prioritize gender-sensitive preoperative screening. Future research should explore potential moderating factors and use prospective, multicenter designs.