Formulation and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Herbal Mouth Wash containing Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Rosella) Calyx extract and Boswellia Sacra (Frankincense) Essential Oil Cultivated in Oman

Abstract

Maintaining oral cleanliness has been valued since ancient times and continues to be a fundamental aspect of contemporary health practices. Traditionally, herbal rinses have been utilized to reduce microbial populations in the mouth and are known to support oral health by preventing gum bleeding, tooth discoloration, and halitosis. These natural formulations also contribute to managing plaque accumulation and reducing inflammation. The current study focuses on formulating a plant-based mouthwash containing roselle calyx extract and frankincense (Luban) oil to assess its antimicrobial properties. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive components such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids phenolic compounds with flavonoid and phenolic content measured at 41.67μg/mL and 47.43μg/mL, respectively. A total of seven formulations were prepared with different combination ratios of roselle extract and Luban oil (1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 1:2.1:3, 3:1, and 2:1) together with peppermint and clove oil. All the formulations were evaluated for physicochemical parameters like pH, color, viscosity, foamability and stability studies. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against oral bacteria by the mouth swab technique. The findings suggest that herbal mouthwash demonstrates strong antibacterial activity and holds promise as an alternative to chemical mouthwashes with no or very few side effects.