Forensic Science in the Arab World: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

Forensic science is a fundamental component of modern criminal justice systems, providing scientifically validated evidence for legal investigations. This review synthesizes evidence from 66 studies published between 2000 and 2025 to evaluate the current status of forensic science across Arab countries. Although the field has progressed in both theoretical knowledge and technological capabilities, considerable gaps remain between scientific advancement and practical implementation. The review examines the application of major disciplines, including DNA analysis, toxicology, digital forensics, and forensic entomology, within regional institutional and legal frameworks. Key challenges identified include fragmented governance, inadequate infrastructure, limited specialized expertise, weak integration between research and practice, and the absence of standardized protocols. The review also highlights emerging opportunities driven by technological innovation, capacity building, and regional cooperation. By synthesizing current evidence, the study proposes strategic directions to improve the effectiveness, standardization, and sustainability of forensic science systems in the Arab world, thereby strengthening evidence-based justice and enhancing public trust.