Fluorapatite: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis, Biological Properties, and Environmental Applications

Abstract

Abstract Nano‐fluorapatite (nFAp) is a promising material in healthcare due to its biocompatibility, bioactivity, non‐toxicity, and similarity to natural bone mineral. It is widely used in orthopedics, reconstructive medicine, and dentistry, including in bone cements, metal implant coatings, and composite materials. It has also found supportive application in conservative dentistry and dental surgery, especially as components of toothpaste and mouthwashes. However, challenges remain in developing scalable and reproducible synthetic methods that ensure consistent quality, particularly in particle size, morphology, and purity, which are crucial for effectiveness and biocompatibility. Additionally, long‐term stability and degradation rates require further study to optimize material absorption and reduce the toxicity risks. Continuous research is necessary to fully utilize the potential of nFAp, including scalability, toxicity evaluation, and clinical application. Overcoming these barriers will pave the way for nFAp to completely change the healthcare industry and usher in a new era of patient care. Modifications, such as adding organic components and inorganic substances, can expand its use in environmental applications, including adsorption of heavy metals, catalysts, and agriculture.