First Phenotypic Characterisation of Local Dromedary Camel Ecotype in El Oued Region, Southeast Algeria

Abstract

AbstractUnderstanding morphological variation among regional camel ecotypes is essential for documenting genetic resources and supporting effective conservation and breeding efforts. This study was aimed to phenotypically characterise dromedary camels in El Oued Province, southeastern Algeria, to understand the diversity and distribution of qualitative traits within the local camel ecotype. A total of 63 camels were randomly selected for phenotypic assessment. The qualitative traits evaluated included the ecotype of the animal; the colour of the coat, eyes, and muzzle; pigmentation of the eyelid, ear, and foot; the orientation of the ear and hump; the shape and position of the hump; and the facial and back-line profiles. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the frequency distribution of each trait. The Arbia breed predominated, representing 65.08% of the ecotype, followed by Tergui and Zegria breeds. Nine distinct coat colours were identified, with Ahdjel being the most prevalent (23.81%). Brown eyes were the most common (85.71%), while blue eyes were rare (1.59%). Muzzle pigmentation was nearly evenly split between pigmented (52.38%) and non-pigmented (47.62%). Hump size varied, with small humps being the most frequent (65.08%), and all camels exhibited upright hump orientations. Additionally, all individuals had straight facial profiles and straight back-line profiles, with centrally positioned humps. This study provides valuable insights into the phenotypic diversity of dromedaries in the El Oued region, highlighting the significant roles of environmental adaptation and herder preferences in shaping the characteristics of local camel ecotypes, thereby informing future conservation and breeding programs.