Fault–responsive hybrid analytical–simulation framework for electric power transmission performance monitoring

Abstract

Abstract Continuous monitoring of electric power transmission systems is essential for maintaining reliable power transfer under increasingly dynamic operating conditions. Although analytical and simulation-based approaches have individually advanced transmission-system analysis, comparatively fewer studies have integrated their complementary strengths within a unified monitoring framework. This paper proposes a fault-responsive hybrid analytical–simulation framework that combines distributed-parameter transmission-line modelling based on the ABCD parameter formulation with an equivalent $$\pi $$ -model implemented in MATLAB/Simulink for continuous assessment of transmission-line performance. The framework evaluates transmission efficiency, voltage regulation, and voltage-drop index under normal and abnormal operating conditions, including voltage sag, overload, low power factor, and balanced and unbalanced faults. Validation is performed against a benchmark distributed-parameter simulation using waveform comparison together with root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The proposed hybrid framework consistently achieved the lowest prediction errors, reducing the average transmission-efficiency MAE from approximately 0.62% for the analytical ABCD model and 0.05% for the equivalent $$\pi $$ -model to approximately 0.01%. Similarly, the average voltage-regulation MAE decreased from approximately 1.05% and 0.65% to approximately 0.07%, while accurately reproducing transmission-line behaviour during fault initiation, fault clearing, and post-fault recovery. These results demonstrate that integrating analytical modelling with dynamic simulation provides a practical, computationally efficient, and scalable framework for continuous transmission-line performance monitoring and decision support.