Extracted Marine Collagen From Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Skin Accelerates Burn Healing: Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Gene Expression Analysis

Abstract

Healthy skin protects our bodies from environmental harm. Burns, however, can lead to infections and delayed healing, often with poor cosmetic results. Therefore, promoting efficient wound healing is crucial to restore normal skin function while minimizing scarring. This study investigated the potential benefits of tilapia skin collagen in accelerating burn repair and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that the extracted tilapia collagen (TC) possessed a triple helical structure characteristic of type I collagen. Histopathological examination revealed that TC treatment promoted collagen deposition, epithelization (skin resurfacing), and complete reconstruction of connective tissue compared to the collagen control group (CG). Masson's trichrome staining further supported these findings. The tilapia collagen group (TCG) displayed dense and organized collagen fibers, indicating a more complete remodeling process compared to CG. Notably, TCG exhibited increased expression of growth factors Basic-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), while showing a decrease in Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), suggesting a potential shift towards wound healing and reduced scarring. Topical application of tilapia collagen (TC) appears to promote burn wound healing through several mechanisms. TC may accelerate the healing process by rapidly reducing wound size and increasing the rate of epithelization (skin resurfacing). It may also stimulate collagen production and deposition, leading to a thicker dermis (skin layer). Additionally, TC may promote new blood vessel formation (neovascularization) in granulation tissue, potentially reducing scar formation. Interestingly, studies suggest that collagen interacts with alpha-SMA, but not TGF-β1, potentially explaining the reduced scarring effect. These findings position tilapia-derived collagen as a promising, safe, and cost-effective alternative to existing wound care products.