Exploring Rwandan Fathers' Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Parenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Rwanda Parents Initiative on Autism (RPIA)

Abstract

<title>Abstract</title> This study examines the experiences of fathers raising children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), focusing on the influence of cultural gender norms on parenting roles in Rwanda. Given traditional expectations of fatherhood, the research explores fathers' challenges, coping strategies, and caregiving contributions, aiming to inform policies and interventions that foster inclusive family support systems. A qualitative, cross-sectional study employing a phenomenological approach was conducted under the Rwanda Parents Initiative on Autism (RPIA). Twenty participants (10 fathers and 10 mothers) were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kinyarwanda, and thematic analysis was performed using MAXQDA software. Ethical considerations included informed consent, confidentiality, and creating a supportive environment for participants. The findings revealed a spectrum of fathers' engagement, from denial and emotional detachment to active caregiving involvement. Rural fathers with lower education levels were more likely to exhibit denial, whereas urban and educated fathers displayed greater acceptance. Key challenges included societal stigma, financial strain, and emotional distress, particularly acute in rural areas with limited ASD-related resources. Coping mechanisms ranged from prayer and family support to maladaptive strategies like blame and substance use, further straining family dynamics. The study highlights the urgent need for culturally sensitive interventions to support fathers in ASD caregiving. Recommendations include awareness campaigns, father-inclusive counseling, and improved service access, especially in rural settings. These findings contribute to policy development aimed at reducing stigma, encouraging shared caregiving, and enhancing the resilience of families affected by ASD in Rwanda and similar contexts.