article · Current Research in Biotechnology
Access to clean drinking water remains an urgent global issue driven by disparities in infrastructure, such as inadequate sanitation systems, pipelines, and purification facilities. Contamination by microbial pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, presents a major public health hazard that frequently causes disease outbreaks and drives up medical treatment expenses. In response, water treatment relies on diverse physical, chemical, and biological intervention methods. Evaluating these approaches reveals varying degrees of pathogen removal efficacy alongside distinct operational constraints and practical implications. Recent advancements introduce emerging technologies aimed at resolving existing performance gaps. Sustained development must target these limitations to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of water purification systems, ultimately securing safer drinking supplies across the globe.
Contaminated water supplies transmit harmful pathogens that trigger widespread illness, strain healthcare resources, and endanger vulnerable communities lacking robust infrastructure. Clarifying the performance, trade-offs, and practical constraints of physical, chemical, and biological purification systems helps guide the adoption of more resilient treatment methods, safeguarding public health and promoting equitable access to safe drinking water worldwide.
The abstract describes an early-stage review of physical, chemical, and biological pathogen removal methods alongside emerging water treatment technologies. These insights could inform water utility operators, infrastructure developers, and municipal sanitation planners seeking to upgrade or design more efficient treatment facilities. However, because the abstract summarises broad technological trends rather than testing a specific device or process, immediate deployment pathways and definitive readiness levels are not indicated.
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The availability of potable and clean water has become a global challenge. There are many variables that affect how equally people have access to clean water. Disparities are a result of inadequate infrastructure, which includes a deficiency of suitable pipelines, sanitation systems, and water treatment facilities. The presence of pathogenic microbes such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa in water has become a global public health concern. Pathogens present in water caused various disease outbreaks, health emergencies and increased cost of treatments. To address this challenge, a variety of methods for removing microbial pathogens from water sources have been developed and implemented. This review provides a thorough exploration of diverse methods utilized for pathogen removal in water treatment, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological approaches. It delves into the efficacy of each method, scrutinizing their constraints and practical implications. Furthermore, recent advancements and emerging technologies within the domain are explored, offering insights into potential future developments and enhancements. Future research efforts should focus on addressing these challenges to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of water treatment systems for safeguarding public health and ensuring access to safe drinking water worldwide.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2024.100252
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