Exploring Cognitive Enhancers: from neurotherapeutics to ethical and regulatory challenges: a mini review

Abstract

This manuscript provides an outlook on using cognitive enhancers and their ethical implications. Cognitive enhancers, including prescription medications like modafinil and methylphenidate, over-the-counter supplements such as ginseng and caffeine, and novel nootropic agents like gene therapy and stem cell interventions, improve cognitive functions such as memory, focus, and learning. While they have shown efficacy in treating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), their growing use by healthy individuals raises ethical concerns. This paper addresses the benefits of cognitive enhancers, such as improved academic and professional performance, and the associated risks, including addiction, dependence, and long-term health consequences. It also delves into social and ethical issues, including disparities in access, fairness, coercion in competitive environments, and distinguishing between genuine and substance-enhanced achievements. Additionally, the paper examines current regulations and proposes stronger legal frameworks to address the increasing use of cognitive enhancers. In conclusion, while cognitive enhancers have potential therapeutic benefits, a balanced approach is needed to regulate their use and ensure they are not misused to gain unfair advantages, particularly in non-medical settings.