article · Discover Materials
Combining treated eggshell powder and nano silica offers an effective method to enhance the mechanical and durability performance of high-strength concrete while lowering carbon emissions. Testing an M60 concrete grade with a fixed five percent cement replacement of eggshell powder alongside varying proportions of nano silica showed that higher nano silica content reduced concrete workability. A mixture using five percent eggshell powder and 1.5 percent nano silica yielded optimal results, producing compressive strength of 71.6 megapascals, tensile strength of 5.6 megapascals, and flexural strength of 8.2 megapascals. This optimal blend significantly lowered water absorption and permeability through refined pore structure. Environmentally, the formulation cuts Portland cement consumption by 6.5 percent, saving an estimated 31.76 kilograms of carbon dioxide per cubic metre of concrete. While initial material costs rise by 27.35 percent, the enhanced durability promises extended service life.
Concrete production is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Substituting standard Portland cement with biological waste like eggshell powder, supported by nano silica, provides a way to reduce environmental harm. The resulting material delivers superior strength and resistance to moisture penetration, potentially extending the operational life of structural assets and lowering repair costs over their lifecycle.
The approach applies directly to high-strength concrete manufacturing for construction firms and infrastructure developers seeking lower-carbon materials. It represents applied laboratory-tested research with validated mechanical and durability parameters. Moving toward commercial use requires resolving the 27.35 percent increase in initial material costs against long-term maintenance savings, as well as securing reliable sourcing for processed eggshell powder and nano silica.
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This study investigates the combined effects of treated eggshell powder (ESP) and nano silica (NS) on the fresh, mechanical, durability, sustainability, and economic performance of M60 HSC. A constant replacement of 5% cement with ESP was adopted, while NS was incorporated at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% by mass of the total binder. Fresh concrete properties were evaluated through slump tests, whereas hardened concrete performance was assessed using compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and water permeability tests. The results demonstrated that increasing NS content reduced workability because of its high specific surface area. However, the mixture containing 5% ESP and 1.5% NS exhibited the optimum performance, achieving compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of 71.6 MPa, 5.6 MPa, and 8.2 MPa, respectively. The optimum mixture also recorded the lowest water absorption (2.6%) and water permeability coefficient (1.6 × 10⁻¹¹ m/s), indicating improved pore refinement and enhanced durability. Sustainability assessment revealed a 6.5% reduction in Portland cement consumption, corresponding to an estimated reduction of 31.76 kg CO₂/m³ of concrete. Economic analysis showed that although the optimum mixture increased the initial material cost by 27.35%, the substantial improvements in mechanical performance and durability are expected to enhance long-term service life and reduce maintenance requirements. Overall, the synergistic incorporation of 5% ESP and 1.5% NS provides an effective approach for producing sustainable high-strength concrete with improved structural performance, enhanced durability, and reduced environmental impact.
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DOI: 10.1007/s43939-026-00912-z
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