Examining the efficiency of microbe-assisted metal extraction: A review of bio-hydrometallurgical leaching techniques

Abstract

The retrieval of metals from ores as well as waste materials has become a critical concern in the modern era, driven by increasing demand and depleting natural resources. Bio-hydrometallurgical leaching, a microbiological method, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional chemical extraction techniques. This review aims to examine the efficiency of microbe-assisted metal extraction through bio-hydrometallurgical leaching, focusing on the latest advancements and applications in this field. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of microorganisms to solubilize metals through the creation of organic acids, chelating substances, as well as redox reactions. Bio-hydrometallurgical leaching offers several advantages, including reduced environmental impact, lower operating costs, and enhanced metal recoveries. The review highlights the role of various microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, and fungi, in metal extraction, as well as the factors influencing their activity, such as pH, temperature, and nutrient availability.