Evaluation of the nutritional status of adolescents in the school environment, case of teenagers in the city of Douala in Cameroon

Abstract

Problems related to the nutritional status of adolescents represent a major public health issue worldwide, due to their impact on health and their increasing frequency. This study aims to assess the nutritional status of adolescents in a school environment in Douala, Cameroon. A descriptive and analytical study was carried out between March and November 2023, involving 511 adolescents aged 8 to 15. Data were collected in four secondary schools using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate body mass index (BMI). Results were analyzed using RStudio software, and descriptive statistics were applied. Relationships between variables were assessed using logistic regression models, applied to a sample including individuals of both sexes, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The mean age of the participants was 11.9 ± 1.30 years, with girls (50.7%) slightly more numerous than boys (49.3%). According to IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) reference thresholds, the overall extent of obesity (8.8%), overweight (19.4%) and undernutrition (7.44%) among adolescent girls in the city of Douala was considerable, and the independent predictors of overweight/obesity were mainly living in a villa [AOR = 3.52; CI95%: 1.16–11.28; p = 0.026], marital status (divorced parents) [AOR = 1.88; IC95%: 1.173.00; p = 0.007], number of children between 1 and 3 [AOR = 1.81; IC95%: 1.14–3.92; p = 0.012]. In addition, age between 10 and 11 years (AOR = 2.88; CI95%: 1.62–5.19; p < 0.001], male gender [AOR = 2.16; CI95%: 1.49–3.15; p < 0.001] and walking [AOR = 1.89; CI95%: 1.07–3.37; p = 0.027] were significantly associated with undernutrition. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to reduce malnutrition among adolescents in Douala schools. It is crucial to integrate nutrition awareness programs and physical activities into the school curriculum. The involvement of parents and communities is essential to create an environment conducive to healthy food choices and an active lifestyle, in order to combat the growing nutritional challenges facing young people in Cameroon.