Evaluation of the impact of floating photovoltaic systems on reducing water evaporation and enhancing energy production at Al Wahda Dam in Morocco

Abstract

The development of land-based photovoltaic systems faces major challenges, particularly those related to land use and intermittent energy production. Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems deployed on water bodies such as hydroelectric reservoirs offer an innovative solution to address these limitations. This study assesse the technical feasibility and economic viability of implementing an FPV system in Morocco’s largest reservoir, the Al Wahda Dam, by evaluating both its energy generation potential and its impact on water conservation. Three deployment scenarios were considered, covering 5, 10, and 15% of the reservoir surface. Simulations using the System Advisor Model accounted for a 5 °C cooling effect on module temperature owing to water contact. Evaporation was estimated using the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith model. The results reveal strong performance indicators: the annual AC electricity generation reaches 4.17 TWh under the 15% scenario, with a DC capacity factor of 18.2% and a performance ratio (PR) of 0.81. In parallel, significant water savings of up to 15.2 million m3 annually were observed, representing 12% of total reservoir evaporation. Economically, the project is highly viable, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 4.61 ¢/kWh, internal rate of return (IRR) of 12.79%, and net present value (NPV) of $164.3 million for the highest-coverage scenario. In conclusion, FPV systems represent a strategic solution for Morocco’s energy transition and sustainable water management, providing dual benefits in electricity production and water conservation without competing for land.