Ethnobotany of Cistus ladanifer L.: An important traditional medicinal plant in Northern Morocco

Abstract

Background: Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae) is a widespread Mediterranean shrub that is abundant in Morocco’s Rif Mountains and embedded in local practices. While its phytochemistry and bioactivity are well documented, its ethnobotanical roles in Morocco remain insufficiently described. This study documents traditional knowledge, uses, and preparation methods of C. ladanifer in Al Hoceima Province and examines how this knowledge varies in relation to socio‑demographic factors. Methods: From December 2024 to February 2025, we administered semi‑structured questionnaires to 100 residents across two municipalities and four rural communes. We analyzed associations between knowledge/use and demographic variables using Pearson’s chi‑square test and visualized patterns with Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). Cultural salience was quantified with Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Fidelity Level (FL). Results: Knowledge of C. ladanifer was significantly associated with origin (rural vs. municipal) and education level, and plant use was associated with age. Seeds (66%) and leaves (29%) were the most used parts. A distinctive food practice—roasted seed powder blended with barley (locally called zembou)—was the dominant use among plant users (RFC = 0.63). Reported therapeutic uses targeted digestive, dermatological, and, less frequently, respiratory conditions. Additional applications included cosmetics, beekeeping, livestock feeding, and oven cleaning. Conclusions: C. ladanifer is culturally and nutritionally important in the Rif region. Documenting these practices supports their transmission and encourages sustainable use, and it identifies community‑led opportunities for future nutritional, pharmacological, and agro‑pastoral studies. Keywords: Cistus ladanifer L., Ethnobotanical indexes, Ethnobotany, Food uses, Morocco, Rif mountains, Traditional knowledge