Environmental determinants of cannabinoid, terpene and safety profiles in Cannabis sativa L. cultivation in Northern Morocco

Abstract

Environmental conditions strongly influence the chemical quality and safety of Cannabis sativa L cultivated under regulated production systems. This study investigated whether spatial variations in irrigation water quality and soil physicochemical properties are associated with differences in cannabinoid, terpene, and safety profiles of Cannabis sativa L cultivated in three legally authorized provinces of northern Morocco (Chefchaouen, Taounate, and Al Hoceima). Irrigation water, soil, and cannabis flower samples were analysed using standardized methods, and data were evaluated using univariate (ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD) and multivariate analyses (PCA and HCA). Total CBD content (TA-CBD) ranged from 4.99 % to 34.72 %, with the highest levels in Chefchaouen and the lowest in Al Hoceima. Terpene profiles also differed significantly among regions, with higher β-caryophyllene, β-myrcene, and limonene associated with mineral-rich and saline environments. Salinity related water parameters showed negative associations with cannabinoid concentrations, whereas soil fertility indicators were positively correlated with major cannabinoids. Heavy metals, pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and pathogenic microorganisms were not detected. These results demonstrate that environmental gradients in water and soil properties are closely associated with regional variability in cannabis phytochemical composition while maintaining compliance with safety standards. • Environmental parameters significantly influence cannabinoid and terpene production. • Organic matter and phosphorus levels enhance phytochemical accumulation. • Water salinity and microbial contamination affect plant safety and quality. • Regional diagnostics support optimized cannabis cultivation strategies. • The study supports targeted agronomic practices for pharmaceutical applications.