article · JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL STUDIES NORTH-EASTERN UNIVERSITY GOMBE
Traditional centralised supply chains suffer from data silos, fraud vulnerability, information asymmetry, and poor auditability. To address these issues, a blockchain framework was developed using Ethereum and Solidity smart contracts, formalising supply chains as directed graphs with stateful product tuples, recursive history hashing, and finite state machine lifecycles. Cryptographic authentication, role-based access control, and off-chain storage handle security and data efficiency. Tested on the Sepolia testnet across 500 transactions via a React.js interface, the system achieved a 99.7 percent success rate, high transparency, traceability, and security. Operating with an average latency of 13.8 seconds and modest gas expenditure, the framework demonstrates the feasibility of trustless coordination across multi-stakeholder networks, while highlighting scalability trade-offs that suggest a future role for layer-2 networks or permissioned ledgers.
Traditional supply chains often struggle with fraud, lack of visibility, and fragmented records. Deploying decentralised smart contracts provides tamper-proof tracking of products across diverse stakeholders without relying on a central authority. Demonstrating that decentralized architectures achieve high reliability and traceability at viable operational speeds provides valuable technical evidence for modernising multi-stakeholder logistics and audit procedures.
The framework provides an applied and tested proof-of-concept for multi-stakeholder supply chains seeking auditable, tamper-resistant tracking. Target users include logistics operators, manufacturers, and supply chain managers. Having been validated through testnet simulations with a dedicated user interface, the technology is at an intermediate prototype stage, requiring further engineering with layer-2 scaling mechanisms or permissioned networks before it can support full-scale enterprise adoption.
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This study proposes an Ethereum-based blockchain framework utilizing Solidity smart contracts to enhance transparency, traceability, and security in supply chain management, addressing persistent challenges in traditional centralized systems such as information asymmetry, data silos, fraud vulnerability, and limited auditability. Following the Design Science Research paradigm, the research formalizes the supply chain as a directed graph with stateful product tuples incorporating recursive history hashing and finite state machine lifecycles, while smart contracts enforce role-based access controls, cryptographic authentication via ECDSA signatures, and Keccak-256 hashing, complemented by off-chain IPFS storage for efficiency. The SupplyChainTracker contract, deployed on the Sepolia testnet with a React.js dApp interface, underwent rigorous unit, functional, performance, and security testing over 500 transactions, yielding 99.7% success rates, 98.6% transparency, 97.8% traceability, and 98.9% security levels, alongside manageable gas costs (averaging 152,340 units for registration and 68,520 for transfers) and 13.8-second latency. These results demonstrate the framework's practical viability in fostering trustless coordination and immutability across multi-stakeholder networks, while revealing scalability trade-offs that suggest future integrations with layer-2 solutions or permissioned alternatives for enterprise adoption.
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DOI: 10.64290/jsls.v1i1.56
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